This article was first published by Shelley Barber,  Outreach & Reference Specialist, John J. Burns Library, Boston College

Patience is a “virtue name” like Grace or Hope, and celebrates the Puritan attribute of the acceptance of delay, trouble, or suffering through faith in God.

This document – a receipt of the sale of a woman only identified as Patience – provides a few important pieces of information, but also leaves us with a good deal of mystery. The buyer and seller are both identified by name, occupation (yeoman ¹), and town (Ipswich ²). The names of the witnesses can be read; they were probably both adults, and related in some way to the buyer or seller. Patience, though, has no surname, or specific occupation, and is called a “girl.” What was her age in 1769? Was she born in or near Ipswich?  How did her life change with this transaction? Did she eventually become free, and what were her circumstances then? Did she marry or have children? Was she a church member? Where are her remains buried?

“Know all men by these presents I, Thomas Burnam ³ of Ipswich in the County of Essex and Province of Massachusetts Bay in New England, yeoman, for and in consideration of the sum of thirty two pounds lawful money to me in hand before the ensealing hereof well and truly paid by Robert Dodge of Ipswich aforesaid yeoman, the receipt whereof I do hereby acknowledge, and myself therewith full satisfied contented and paid, have bargained and sold and do by these presents bargain, sell, sett over and confirm unto the said Robert Dodge his heirs executors administrators or assigns a negro girl known by the name of Patience —–

To have and to hold said negro girl Patience during her natural life unto the said Robert Dodge his heirs executors administrators or assigns —- And further I the said Thomas Burnam, for my self my heirs executors and administration, against the lawful claims or demands of any person or persons whatever, forever hereafter to warrant secure and defend — In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal, this thirteenth day of December Anno Domini, one thousand seven hundred and sixty nine.”

Thomas [Burnam] [seal]
Signed sealed and delivered in presence of
Samuel Patch
Lucy Whittneg ⁴

Resources for genealogical research in Massachusetts’ Colonial and Revolutionary eras are plentiful and might be used to identify Burnham, Dodge, Patch and Whittredge with certainty. Information about Patience could be found in many of the same resources, but with her surname unidentified and her age unrecorded, she is likely to be very challenging to find. Guides that offer strategies for locating African American records include those from American Ancestors, and FamilySearch.

When genealogical evidence is hard to find, it is important to look for clues about the known associates of an individual – their family and neighbors, or members of religious, fraternal or military groups and the like, to which they belonged. Since her records are elusive, what information can be gleaned about Patience and her circumstances from the others whose names are on the document?

By 1769 when this document was produced, the tide was beginning to turn from slavery toward abolition in Massachusetts, where approximately 2.2 percent of the state’s total population were enslaved  and was generally concentrated in industrial and coastal towns like Ipswich. Enslaved people in Massachusetts could file suit in court to gain their freedom, and the Massachusetts Constitution abolished slavery in 1783. The Massachusetts Historical Society’s web presentation, African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts includes a section, The Domestic Sale of Slaves. It includes a number of examples of documents like the one about the sale of Patience. 

The seller and buyer – Thomas Burnham and Robert Dodge respectively – are both described as yeoman farmers of Ipswich. One individual who could have been the buyer is Robert Dodge (1743-1823). He was born in Beverly and married Mary Boardman of Ipswich in 1765. They raised a large family in the part of Ipswich that would become the town of Hamilton in 1793. Two of the couple’s ten children had been born by the date of Dodge’s purchase of Patience in 1769. Robert built a substantial farmhouse after inheriting property from his father in 1769. The Dodge-Gibney House, as it is now known, was completed in 1772.

Robert Dodge was an officer in the Continental Army and served in several campaigns. The sword he carried at the Battle of Bunker Hill still hangs in the house, which is now the Myopia Hunt clubhouse. Robert Dodge died in 1823 and his widow, Mary, the following year. Their birth, marriage, and death dates, locations, and other circumstances match well with the receipt for the sale of Patience, but since this Robert Dodge was not the only one living in that area at that time, further research is needed. An important clue, though, is that the sale was witnessed by Lucy (Dodge) Whittredge, the younger sister of Robert Dodge (1743-1823), and a newly married woman who was about 20 years old at the time of the sale. 

The receipt for the sale of Patience is a single sheet of paper, unconnected to the others in its collection or other material held at Burns Library. But the lone document represents connection – connections between one individual and another, and of people to places – and it allows the reader to connect with Massachusetts history.

__________________________

Notes from Gordon Harris, Ipswich Town Historian:

1. A Yeoman in Colonial New England was a man who owned his own modest farm and worked it primarily with family labor. 
2. In 1769 Hamilton and Essex were still parishes of Ipswich known as the Hamlet and Chebacco.
3. Thomas Burnham may have been one of the Thomas Burnhams of Chebacco
4. John Whitteridge of Beverly married Lucy Dodge of the Hamlet, Aug. 13, 1769.

Sources & Further Reading:

• Dodge, Col. Robert – Gibney House, 435 Bay Rd, 1772 (MACRIS)
• Adams, Catherine., and Pleck, Elizabeth H. Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England. Oxford University Press, 2010.
• Commonwealth of Massachusetts. “Massachusetts Constitution and the Abolition of Slavery” (https://www.mass.gov/guides/massachusetts-constitution-and-the-abolition-of-slavery, accessed February 2020).
• Dodge, Joseph Thompson. Genealogy of the Dodge Family of Essex County, Mass., 1629-1894. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Printing Co., 1894. (https://archive.org/details/earlyrecordsofdo00dodg/page/1/mode/2up, accessed February 2020).
• Ellerton J. Brehaut Boston history collection. (http://hdl.handle.net/2345.2/MS2008-016, accessed February 2020).
• Historic Ipswich,in particular, “Names of the Ipswich Slaves” (https://historicipswich.org/2015/07/04/names-of-the-ipswich-slaves/, accessed February 2020).
• The Massachusetts Cultural Resource Information System (MACRIS), Inventory No. HAM.63, Dodge, Col. Robert – Gibney House, Common Name: Myopia Hunt Clubhouse, Address: 435 Bay Rd. (http://mhc-macris.net/Details.aspx?MhcId=HAM.63, accessed February 2020).
• Massachusetts Historical Society. African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts.(https://www.masshist.org/endofslavery/index.php?id=61, accessed February 2020).
• Warren, Wendy. New England Bound: Slavery and Colonization in Early America. Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2016.
• Waters, Thomas Franklin, et al. Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony … The Ipswich Historical Society, 1905-1917. https://archive.org/details/ipswichinmassac00wisegoog/

Related posts

19 North Main Street, Thomas Manning house (1799) - This house was built by Dr. Thomas Manning in January, 1799, and remained in the family until 1858, when it became a parsonage. This house is protected by a preservation agreement between the owners and the Ipswich Historical Commission.

1 South Green, the Captain John Whipple House (1677) - The oldest part of the house dates to 1677 when Captain John Whipple constructed a townhouse near the center of Ipswich. The Historical Commission moved it over the Choate bridge to its current location and restored to its original appearance.

The Constitutional Convention and establishment of the Electoral College - Many of our founding fathers had little trust in the instincts of the common man. John Adams observed that "Pure democracy has also been viewed as a threat to individual rights," and warned against the “tyranny of the majority.” Alexander Hamilton, one of the three authors of the "Federalist Papers" defended the system of electors by which we choose a President today.

The Civil War Monument - By Harold Bowen: The monument was first erected by the town in 1871 as a memorial to those who died in the Civil War. It had an iron fence all around it and inside the enclosure was a stack of cannon balls in each corner where a flag was inserted.

Samuel Symonds, gentleman: complaint to Salem court against his two servants, 1661 - Philip Welch and William Downing, both children, were kidnapped from Ireland in 1654, and sold to Samuel Symonds in Ipswich. After 7 years they refused to continue working on his farm and demanded their freedom. They were arrested and brought to trial.

Names of the Ipswich slaves - In 1641 the Massachusetts Bay Colony adopted a code of laws that made slavery legal. In 1755, the slaves in this town above the age of sixteen numbered sixty-two, but within ten years, public opinion began turn against slavery. In 1780, the present Constitution of Massachusetts was adopted, its first article asserting that all men are born free and equal.

Massachusetts opposition to the Mexican-American War - Although there was great enthusiasm for the Mexican War in Southern and Western states, “President Polk’s War” was seen in our area as an intolerable expansion of slavery states.

Ipswich, Slavery and the Civil War - In 1765, Jenny Slew, a slave in Ipswich, successfully sued John Whipple Jr. for her freedom. In the mid-19th Century, divisions between ardent abolitionists, moderate anti-slavery people and those who avoided the discussion divided families, churches and the town of Ipswich.

Ipswich to Marietta, December 1787 - In December 1787, a group of Revolutionary War veterans and adventurers set out from Ipswich on an 800-mile journey through the wilderness by horseback and rafts to establish the first settlement in the Ohio Territory.

Her name was Patience - "Know all men by these presents I, Thomas Burnam of Ipswich, do by these presents bargain, sell, sett over and confirm unto the said Robert Dodge, a negro girl known by the name of Patience...To have and to hold said negro girl Patience during her natural life."

Freedom for Jenny Slew - Jenny Slew was born about 1719 as the child of a free white woman and a black slave. She lived her life as a free woman until 1762 when she was kidnapped and enslaved by John Whipple. Jenny Slew is believed to be the first person held as a slave to be granted freedom through trial by jury. In November of 1766 the jury ruled in favor of the plaintiff and ordered Whipple to free Jenny Slew. She was awarded £4 in damages and £5 in costs.

Emma Jane Mitchell Safford - Emma Jane Mitchell Safford was a descendant of Massasoit, Sachem of the Wampanoag. Her daughter, also Emma, tried to help her relatives regain land taken from them on the reservation.

Col. Doctor Thomas Berry, “Last of the Ipswich Aristocracy” - In the first half of the Eighteenth Century, Col. Thomas Berry was the most conspicuous citizen of the Town, "Autocrat of his time, Magistrate, Military leader, Physician and Statesman."

Choate-Caldwell House, 16 Elm St. (Now at Smithsonian) - In 1963 this house was slated for destruction, but through the efforts of local preservationists was relocated to the Smithsonian where it resides as the Museum’s largest artifact on permanent display.

1788 Massachusetts Act banning “any African or Negro” - Slavery was abolished in Massachusetts before the declaration of independence, officially made law on March 26, 1788. The law imposed a penalty of £50 upon every citizen or person residing in this Commonwealth for each slave bought or transported and £200 upon every vessel engaged in the Slave […]

“My grandfather belonged to Thomas Jefferson.” - A story first recorded in the 1940's about slavery, as told by people who were slaves.

“Dying Confession of Pomp, a Negro Man Who Was Executed at Ipswich on the 6th August, 1795” - On Aug 6th 1795, Pomp an African-American slave was hung for chopping off the head of his master. He was confined in Ipswich jail, and a sentence of death was passed. He was held there until the day of his execution, which was attended by a "cheering crowd of thousands" after a sermon by Rev. Dana.